Pragmatic Failures in Cross-Cultural Communication: A Study of Pakistani English Speakers

Abstract

Effective cross-cultural communication requires more than grammatical competence; it demands pragmatic awareness of culturally appropriate language use. This study investigates pragmatic failures among Pakistani English speakers in intercultural contexts, particularly in academic, professional, and digital interactions with native and non-native English speakers. Drawing on interlanguage pragmatics and speech act theory, the research identifies key areas where Pakistani speakers unintentionally violate conversational norms, such as improper use of requests, refusals, compliments, and apologies, leading to miscommunication or perceived impoliteness. Data is collected through recorded interviews, email exchanges, and simulated role-plays involving Pakistani university students and professionals who regularly interact with speakers from diverse cultural backgrounds. The study employs a mixed-method approach combining qualitative discourse analysis and quantitative coding of pragmatic errors. Findings reveal that most pragmatic failures stem from sociocultural transfer, lack of exposure to authentic English discourse, and contextual misjudgment in terms of politeness strategies, speech act sequencing, and indirectness. These failures are particularly pronounced in high-context situations requiring subtlety, deference, or strategic ambiguity. The study emphasizes the importance of pragmatic competence in language pedagogy and suggests practical interventions such as pragmatic awareness training, discourse-based instruction, and cross-cultural communication modules in Pakistani English language programs.